Background

Structural heart interventions have expanded rapidly over the past decade, driven by advances in transcatheter therapies and imaging technologies. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging has emerged as a transformative tool, enabling enhanced visualization of complex cardiac anatomy and providing real-time procedural guidance. Compared with conventional two-dimensional imaging, 3D imaging offers superior spatial orientation, device navigation, and procedural planning capabilities.

Objective

To review the current applications of three-dimensional imaging in structural heart interventions, assess its impact on procedural outcomes, and discuss future developments.

Methods

A comprehensive review of contemporary literature, randomized trials, observational studies, consensus statements, and guideline recommendations related to 3D imaging in structural heart disease interventions was conducted.

Results

Three-dimensional echocardiography, cardiac computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fusion imaging, and 3D printing technologies significantly enhance procedural planning and execution. Clinical studies demonstrate improved procedural accuracy, reduced complications, shorter procedure times, and enhanced operator confidence. Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), holographic visualization, and digital twin modeling are expected to further advance the field.

Conclusion

Three-dimensional imaging has become an indispensable component of structural heart intervention programs. Its integration into preprocedural planning, intraprocedural guidance, and postprocedural assessment improves precision and patient outcomes across a broad spectrum of cardiovascular interventions.